PL EN
How Nordic Solidarity Failed the COVID-19 Test: Uncoordinated Pandemic Responses and the Decline of Nordic Health Cooperation
 
 
Więcej
Ukryj
1
Faculty of Social Sciences (SAM), OsloMet, Norway
 
 
Data nadesłania: 25-07-2023
 
 
Data ostatniej rewizji: 26-01-2024
 
 
Data akceptacji: 12-02-2024
 
 
Data publikacji online: 02-04-2024
 
 
Data publikacji: 02-04-2024
 
 
Autor do korespondencji
Alban Davesne   

Faculty of Social Sciences (SAM), OsloMet, Stensberggata 26, 0170, Oslo, Norway
 
 
 
SŁOWA KLUCZOWE
DZIEDZINY
STRESZCZENIE
The inability of Nordic governments to coordinate their COVID-19 pandemic responses on social distancing and travel restrictions has puzzled observers and raised concerns for the future of Nordic cooperation. However, little academic attention has been directed so far to the collective Nordic response to the pandemic. In a first comprehensive account of Nordic health coordination and cooperation during the pandemic, this article investigates a paradox: how did one of the oldest regional unit in Europe, with the current ambition of becoming the “most sustainable and integrated region in the world in 2030”, become one of the most inconsistent and divided once the pandemic hit? This paper argues that the recent developments have roots in the overall decline of the Nordic regional model. Increasingly based on broad commitments and informal coordination, Nordic solidarity has showed its limits in a time of crisis – leaving the Nordic project on the brink of marginalization between the domestic and European levels.
 
REFERENCJE (93)
1.
Aftenposten (13/07/2020). Svensk minister slår alarm om krise i nordisk samarbeid. https://www.aftenposten.no/ver....
 
2.
Aftenposten (30/05/2023). Norge stengte skolene under pandemien. Svenskene holdt dem åpne. Hvordan gikk det med pandemibarna? https://www.aftenposten.no/ver....
 
3.
Andersen, A. L., Hansen, E. T., Johannesen, N., Sheridan, A. (2020). Pandemic, shutdown and consumer spending: lessons from Scandinavian policy responses to COVID-19. https://arxiv.org/pdf/2005.046....
 
4.
Bhaskar S., Tan, J., Bogers, M. L. A. M., Minssen, T., Badaruddin, H., Israeli-Korn, S., Chesbrough, H. (2020). At the Epicenter of COVID-19 – The Tragic Failure of the Global Supply Chain for Medical Supplies. Frontiers in Public Health, 8. https://www.frontiersin.org/ar....
 
5.
Blomqvist, T. (2020). Nordiskt samarbete även i COVID-19-krisen. SFP-RKP. https://sfp.fi/artiklar/blomqv....
 
6.
Bohusläningen (12/06/2020). Norge öppnar för resor – men bara för Gotland. https://www.bohuslaningen.se/n....
 
7.
Creutz, K., Berglund, S., Betül Karacan, T., Giacometti, A., Haugevik, K., Nyberg Sørensen, N., Wøien Meijer, M., Lares, A. (2021). Nordic cooperation amid pandemic travel restrictions. FIIA Report 2021:68. https://www.fiia.fi/en/publica....
 
8.
Dagens Medicin (10/12/2020). Snart dags att be Finland och andra grannar om hjälp. https://www.dagensmedicin.se/s....
 
9.
Dagens Nyheter (12/03/2020). Därför vill Folkhälsomyndigheten inte stänga skolorna. https://www.dn.se/nyheter/sver....
 
10.
Dagens Nyheter (18/03/2020). Så ser grannländerna på Sveriges hantering av viruset. https://www.dn.se/nyheter/sver....
 
11.
Dagens Nyheter (27/03/2020). Norge räknar med dubbelt så många sjukasom Sverige. https://www.dn.se/nyheter/sver....
 
12.
Dagens Nyheter (07/05/2020). Sju dygn då Norden valde olika vägar i kampen mot det nya coronaviruset. https://www.dn.se/nyheter/sver....
 
13.
Dagens Nyheter (18/05/2020). Sverige ses som riskfaktor i de andra nordiska länderna: ”Vi är ur takt med varandra. https://www.dn.se/nyheter/sver....
 
14.
Dagens Nyheter (21/08/2020). Norska folkhälsomyndigheten: Vår strategi är ett experiment. https://www.dn.se/nyheter/varl....
 
15.
Dagens Nyheter (28/08/2020). Tegnell: Jag tänker inte recensera den norska strategin. https://www.dn.se/nyheter/varl....
 
16.
Dagens Nyheter (25/09/2020). Tegnell: Hade varit bättre med gemensam nordisk strategi. https://www.dn.se/sverige/tegn....
 
17.
Dagens Nyheter (15/12/2020). Alla nordiska länder står redo att hjälpa Sverige. https://www.dn.se/sverige/alla....
 
18.
Danish Parliament (2020). Håndteringen af covid-19 i foråret 2020 — Rapport afgivet af den af Folketingets Udvalg for Forretningsordenen nedsatte udredningsgruppe vedr. håndteringen af covid-19. Folketinget 01/2021. https://www.ft.dk/-/media/site....
 
19.
Danish Police (2020). Indrejserestriktioner. 14/03/2020. https://politi.dk/coronavirus-....
 
20.
Davesne, A. (2017). Européaniser la santé. Une étude comparée des dimensions européennes des politiques de santé en Suède et en France. Sciences Po Paris. Doctoral dissertation.
 
21.
DR (10/03/2020). Regeringen indfører begrænsninger i busser, tog og metro - indstiller fly fra ramte områder. https://www.dr.dk/nyheder/poli....
 
22.
DR (17/03/2020). Få overblikket over de nye corona-tiltag: Se, hvad du ikke må fra i dag klokken 10. https://www.dr.dk/nyheder/poli....
 
23.
DR (26/10/2020). Brostrøm forsvarer nye krav om mundbind: Så er det heller ikke verre. https://www.dr.dk/nyheder/indl....
 
24.
Ekstrabladet (06/03/2020). Mette Frederiksen: - Udskyd eller aflys arrangementer med mere end 1000 deltagere. https://ekstrabladet.dk/nyhede....
 
25.
Eurofound (2022). The rise in telework: Impact on working conditions and regulations, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg. https://www.eurofound.europa.e....
 
26.
European Commission (2020). Coronavirus: Commission unveils EU vaccines strategy. Press release 17/06/2020, https://ec.europa.eu/commissio....
 
27.
Etzold, T. (2020). The Nordic council of ministers: Aspirations for more political relevance. Politics and Governance, 8, 4, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.17645/pag.v....
 
28.
Etzold, T. (2021). Nordic Cooperation Troubled by Loss of Political Weight. International Centre for Defence and Security. 28 May 2021. https://icds.ee/en/nordic-coop....
 
29.
Finnish Government (2020). Government, in cooperation with the President of the Republic, declares a state of emergency in Finland over coronavirus outbreak. Press release 16/03/2020. https://valtioneuvosto.fi/en/-....
 
30.
Finnish Government (2020a). Government decided on tightening restrictions on border traffic along the border with Sweden and Norway and on steps to secure medical care in Åland. Press release 07/04/2020. https://valtioneuvosto.fi/-/10....
 
31.
Finnish Government (2020b). Government decision on border traffic restrictions from 13 July. Press release 10/07/2020. https://valtioneuvosto.fi/en/-....
 
32.
Finnish Government (2020c). “Restrictions on Entry into the Country to be Amended due to COVID-19.” Press release 11/09/2020. https://valtioneuvosto.fi/en/-....
 
33.
Giacometti, A., Wøien Meijer, M. (2021). Closed borders and divided communities: status report and lessons from Covid-19 in cross-border areas. Nordregio Report, 2021:6. http://doi.org/10.6027/R2021:6....
 
34.
Greve, B., Blomquist, P., Hvinden, B., Van Gerven, M. (2020). Nordic welfare states – still standing or changed by the COVID-19 crisis? Social Policy & Administration. Online Special Issue, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1111/spol.1....
 
35.
Göteborgs Posten (17/09/2020). Norge slår tillbaka mot Tegnells jämförelse. https://www.gp.se/nyheter/sver....
 
36.
Hall, C. Hardoy, I., Lundin, M. (2022). Schooling in the Nordic countries during the COVID-19 pandemic. IFAU working paper 2022:13. https://www.ifau.se/en/Researc....
 
37.
Hansson, P., Stefánsdóttir, A. B. (2021). Nordic Solidarity and COVID-19. Small States and Territories, 4, 1, 29-44. https://www.um.edu.mt/library/....
 
38.
Helsingen, L., Refsum, E., Gjostein, D. K., Loberg, M., Bretthauer, M., Kalager, M., Emilsson, L. (2020). The COVID-19 pandemic in Norway and Sweden – threats, trust, and impact on daily life: a comparative survey. BMC Public Health, 20, 1597 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889....
 
39.
Kavaliunas A., Ocaya P., Mumper J., Lindfeldt, I., Kyhlstedt, M. (2020). Swedish policy analysis for Covid-19. Health Policy and Technology, 9, 4, 598-612. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hlpt....
 
40.
Kettunen, P., Lundberg, U., Österberg, M., Petersen, K. (2016). The Nordic model and the rise and fall Nordic cooperation. In J. Strang (Ed.), Nordic cooperation: A European region in transition. London and New York, NY: Routledge, 69-92. https://doi.org/10.4324/978131....
 
41.
Lindström, M. (2020). The COVID-19 pandemic and the Swedish strategy: Epidemiology and postmodernism. SSM - Population Health, 11, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmp....
 
42.
Ludvigsson, J. F. (2020). The first eight months of Sweden’s COVID-19 strategy and the key actions and actors that were involved. Acta Paediatrica, 109, 12, 2459-2471. https://doi.org/10.1111/apa.15....
 
43.
Läkartidningen (05/2020). Svenska regioner köper propofol från Norge. https://lakartidningen.se/aktu....
 
44.
Lægreid, P., Rykkja, L. H. (2020). Nordic administrative collaboration: Scope, predictors and effects on policy design and administrative reform measures. Politics and Governance, 8, 4, 21-32. https://doi.org/10.17645/pag.v....
 
45.
Melchior, A. (2021). Global trade and medical preparedness in light of Covid-19. Report to the Corona Commission NUPI Report No. 01/2021. Norwegian Institute of International Affairs.
 
46.
Ministry of the Interior of Finland (2020). Government decided on restrictions on border traffic starting from 15 June. Press release 12/06/2020. https://intermin.fi/en/-/valti....
 
47.
Mörttinen, M. (2021). Valtioneuvoston ydin kriisitilanteessa. Covid-19-pandemian paineet suomalaiselle päätöksenteolle. Sitra Muistio, Tammikuu 2021. https://www.sitra.fi/julkaisut....
 
48.
Netz, J., Axelson, M. (2021). Näringslivsbaserad motståndskraft, lärdomar från pandemin för det civila försvaret. MSB Forskning, 25/03/2021. https://rib.msb.se/filer/pdf/2....
 
49.
Norden (2020). Nordiska rådet debatterar covid-19 och samhällssäkerhet. 28/09/2020. https://www.norden.org/sv/news....
 
50.
Nordic Labour Journal (03/09/2020). Danish Presidency: The Nordic cooperation passed the Corona test. http://www.nordiclabourjournal....
 
51.
Norwegian Government (2020). Forskrift om gjenåpning av barnehager og skoler. Press release 17/04/2020. https://www.regjeringen.no/no/....
 
52.
Norwegian Government (2020b). Changes in the travel advice from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs from 15 July. Press release 10/07/2020. https://www.regjeringen.no/en/....
 
53.
Norwegian Government (2021). Introduction of further national infection prevention measures. Press release 04/01/2021. https://www.regjeringen.no/en/....
 
54.
Norwegian Government (2021a). Meld. St. 27. 2020-2021 Melding til Stortinget – Nordisk samarbeid. 09/04/2021. https://www.regjeringen.no/no/....
 
55.
Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2020). ”Nordisk samarbeid for å hjelpe nordiske statsborgere”. 17/03/2020. https://www.regjeringen.no/no/....
 
56.
Norwegian Parliament (2021). Rapport til Stortinget fra Stortingets delegasjon til Nordisk råd. Dokument 17 2020/21. https://www.stortinget.no/no/S....
 
57.
NRK (12/12/2020). Norge vil hjelpe svenske myndigheter. https://www.nrk.no/urix/norge-... (last accessed the 14/11/2023).
 
58.
NOU (2021:6). Myndighetenes håndtering av koronapandemien. Del 1. Rapport fra Koronakommisjonen. 14/04/2021. https://www.regjeringen.no/no/....
 
59.
NOU (2022:5). Myndighetenes håndtering av koronapandemien. Del 2. Rapport fra Koronakommisjonen. 26/04/2022. https://www.regjeringen.no/no/....
 
60.
OECD (2021). 21st-Century Readers: Developing Literacy Skills in a Digital World. OECD Publishing, Paris. https://doi.org/10.1787/a83d84....
 
61.
Olesen, T., B., Strang, J. (2016). European challenge to Nordic institutional cooperation: Past, present and future. In J. Strang (Ed.), Nordic cooperation: A European region in transition. London and New York, NY: Routledge, 27-48. https://doi.org/10.4324/978131....
 
62.
Olsen, J. P., Sverdrup, B. O. (1998). Europa i Norden. In Olsen, J. P., Sverdrup, B. O. (eds.). Europa i Norden: europeisering av nordisk samarbeid. ARENA: Advanced Research on the Europeanisation of the Nation-State.
 
63.
Pierre, J. (2020). Nudges against pandemics: Sweden’s COVID-19 containment strategy in perspective. Policy and Society, 39, 3, 478-493. https://doi.org/10.1080/144940....
 
64.
Public Health Agency of Sweden (2020). Information till arrangorer av evenmang. 10/11/2020. https://www.folkhalsomyndighet....
 
65.
Public Health Agency of Sweden (2020a). Tänk över om resan verkligen är nödvändig. Press release 19/03/2020. https://www.folkhalsomyndighet....
 
66.
Randall, L., Vestergård, L. O., Rohrer, L., Huynh, D., Lidmo, J., Stjernberg, M., Weber, R., Rut Sigurjonsdottir, H., Guðmundsdóttir, H., Kivi, L. (2022). Remote work: Effects on Nordic people, places and planning 2021-2024. Nordregio Rapport 2022:3. http://doi.org/10.6027/R2022:3....
 
67.
Saunes, I. S., Vrangbæk, K., Byrkjeflot, H., Jervelund, S. S., Okkels Birk, H., Tynkkynen, L.-K., Keskimäki, I., Sigurgeirsdóttir, S., Janlöv, N., Ramsberg, J., Hernández-Quevedo, C., Merkur, S., Sagan, A., Karanikolos, M. (2022). Nordic responses to Covid-19: Governance and policy measures in the early phases of the pandemic, Health policy, 126, 5, 418-426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heal....
 
68.
SCB (2021). Allt fler arbetar hemifrån. Pressmeddelande 20/05/2021. https://www.scb.se/pressmeddel....
 
69.
Seeing, I., Thórný Stefánsdóttir, N., Wassar Kirk, J., Andersen, O., Tjørnhøj-Thomsen, T., Kallemose, T., Vedung, E., Vrangbæk, K., Nilsen, P. (2021). Social Distancing Policies in the Coronavirus Battle: A Comparison of Denmark and Sweden. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 18, 20, 10990. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph....
 
70.
SOU (2020:80). Äldreomsorgen under pandemin. Delbetänkande av Coronakommissionen. https://www.regeringen.se/ratt....
 
71.
SOU (2021:89). Sverige under pandemin. Volym 1: Smittspridning och smittskydd. Volym 2: Sjukvård och folkhälsa. Delbetänkande av Coronakommissionen. https://www.regeringen.se/ratt....
 
72.
SOU (2022:3). Tillgång till vaccin mot covid-19. Sveriges tillgång till vaccin mot covid-19 – framgång genom samarbete och helgardering. Delbetänkande av Utredningen Tillgång till vaccin mot covid-19. https://www.regeringen.se/ratt....
 
73.
Stie, E., Trondal, J. (2020). Introducing the Study of Nordic Cooperation. Politics and Governance, 8, 4, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.17645/pag.v....
 
74.
Strang, J. (Ed.). (2016). Nordic cooperation: A European region in transition. London and New York, NY: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.17645/pag.v....
 
75.
Strangborli, M., Veggeland, F. (2020). Adapting to a Global Health Challenge: Managing Antimicrobial Resistance in the Nordics. Politics and Governance, 8, 4, 53-64. https://doi.org/10.17645/pag.v....
 
76.
SvD (12/12/2020). Både Finland och Norge öppnar för att hjälpa. https://www.svd.se/a/1Bv8Ee/fi....
 
77.
Swedish Government (2020). Förordning om ändring i förordningen (2020:114) om förbud mot att hålla allmänna sammankomster och offentliga tillställningar. 27/03/2020. https://svenskforfattningssaml....
 
78.
Swedish Government (2020a). Ändrad avrådan från icke nödvändiga resor till ett antal länder i Europa. Press release 29/07/2020. https://www.regeringen.se/pres....
 
79.
Swedish Government (2020b). UD häver avrådan från resor till Finland och Slovakien. Press release 21/09/2020. https://www.regeringen.se/pres....
 
80.
Swedish Government (2020c). Förordning (2020:1258) om tillfälligt inreseförbud vid resor från Danmark eller Förenade kungariket till Sverige. 21/12/2020. https://www.riksdagen.se/sv/do....
 
81.
Swedish Government (2020d). Sverige undertecknar EU-avtalet Joint Procurement Agreement. Press release 28/02/2020. www.regeringen.se/pressmeddelanden/2020/02/sverige-undertecknar-eu-avtalet-jointprocurement-agreement/.
 
82.
Swedish Government (2021). Tillfälligt reseförbud från Norge. Press release 24/01/2021 https://regeringen.se/pressmed....
 
83.
Swedish Government (2021a). Regerigens Nordiskt samarbete 2020. Skrivelse 2020/21:90, 11/03/2021. https://www.regeringen.se/ratt....
 
84.
Swedish National Audit Office (2022). Statens insatser för att säkra skyddsutrustning– krishantering till ett högt pris. Riksrevisionen RIR 2022:10. 29/04/2022. https://www.riksrevisionen.se/....
 
85.
Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare (2020). Inköp av skyddsutrustning med anledning av spridningen av covid-19. Socialstyrelsen 2020.
 
86.
Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare (2020a). Samlad delredovisning av uppdrag gällande skyddsutrustning och annat material med anledning av utbrottet av covid-19. Socialstyrelsen 2020.
 
87.
Swedish Parliament (2020). Lag (2020:148) om tillfällig stängning av verksamheter på skolområdet vid extraordinära händelser i fredstid. 19/03/2020. https://www.riksdagen.se/sv/do....
 
88.
Swedish Parliament (2021). Nordiska rådets svenska delegations berättelse om verksamheten under 2020. Redogörelse till riksdagen 2020/21:NR1, 16/03/2021. https://www.riksdagen.se/sv/do....
 
89.
Swedish Parliament (2022). Nordiska rådets svenska delegations berättelse om verksamheten under 2021. Redogörelse till riksdagen 2021/22:NR1, 16/03/2022. https://www.riksdagen.se/sv/do....
 
90.
Søreide, I. E., Sanner, J. T. (2021). Nordic Day: Cooperating across closed borders. Speech, 23/03/2021. https://www.regjeringen.no/en/....
 
91.
The Local (29/01/2021). Swedish Public Health Agency proposes stricter restrictions for foreign travellers. https://www.thelocal.se/202101....
 
92.
Wøien Meijer, M., Giacometti, A. (2021). Nordic border communities in the time of COVID-19. Nordregio Policy brief 2021:3. https://doi.org/10.6027/PB2021....
 
93.
Yarmol-Matusiak, E. A., Cipriano, L. E., Stranges, S. (2021). A comparison of COVID-19 epidemiological indicators in Sweden, Norway, Denmark, and Finland. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 49, 1, 69-78. https://doi.org/10.1177/140349....
 
ISSN:1640-1808
Journals System - logo
Scroll to top