PRACA ORYGINALNA
Nordic egalitarianism at the face of evolving social risks
 
 
Więcej
Ukryj
1
Department of Social Work, Child Welfare and Social Policy, Oslo Metropolitan University, Norway
 
 
Data nadesłania: 10-06-2023
 
 
Data ostatniej rewizji: 03-11-2023
 
 
Data akceptacji: 02-12-2023
 
 
Data publikacji online: 19-02-2024
 
 
Data publikacji: 19-02-2024
 
 
Autor do korespondencji
Ivan Harsløf   

Department of Social Work, Child Welfare and Social Policy, Oslo Metropolitan University, Pb. 4, St. Olavs Plass, 0130, Oslo, Norway
 
 
Problemy Polityki Społecznej 2024;65(2):1-21
 
SŁOWA KLUCZOWE
DZIEDZINY
STRESZCZENIE
This article relates growing social inequalities in the Nordic countries to evolving social risks in the era of globalisation. Vital redistributive arrangements in the Nordic model, and their underlying rationales, are challenged by profound structural changes. New social risks have emerged since the 1970s, stemming from destabilised family and labour market structures. The article considers theories devised to approach positive as well as negative sides of these developments. It adopts a critical realist perspective to delve deeper into the historical and ontological dimensions of social risks. Combining literature review and analyses of comparative data the article assesses how the Nordic welfare states are protecting weak groups such as single providers, their children, low educated groups in the labour market and non-Western immigrants. As a window to probe the Nordic model’s bulwark protecting these groups, discussions are particularly centred on the situation in the aftermath of the 2007-2008 Great Recession. Results suggest that new social risks are evolving, primarily affecting the most vulnerable. While publicly funded education, previously crucial in social redistribution, has become less effective, the Nordic countries still exhibit a relatively democratic distribution of precariousness in the labor market, providing a sense of security even for unskilled workers. However, non-Western immigrants continue to face a disproportionate risk of poverty, leading to increased segregation.
 
REFERENCJE (75)
1.
Abrahamson, P. (2015) 'Denmark from an international perspective', in Bengtsson, T.T., Frederiksen, M. and Elm Larsen, J. (eds.) The Danish welfare state: a sociological investigation. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
 
2.
Ali-Yrkkö, J., Rouvinen, P. and Ylä-Anttila, P. (2011) The Nordic Model and the Challenge from Global Value Chains. SSRN. Available at: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/p....
 
3.
Amato, P. R. and Patterson, S. E. (2017) 'The Intergenerational Transmission of Union Instability in Early Adulthood', Journal of Marriage and Family, 79(3), pp. 723-738.
 
4.
Andersen, H.S., Andersson, R., Wessel, T. and Vilkama, K. (2016) The impact of housing policies and housing markets on ethnic spatial segregation: comparing the capital cities of four Nordic welfare states, International Journal of Housing Policy, 16:1, 1-30.
 
5.
Andersson, G., Obućina, O. and Scott, K. (2015) 'Marriage and divorce of immigrants and descendants of immigrants in Sweden', Demographic research, 33(1), pp. 31-64.
 
6.
Baldwin, P. (1989) 'The Scandinavian Origins of the Social Interpretation of the Welfare State', Comparative Studies in Society and History, 31(1), pp. 3-24.
 
7.
Barth, E., Moene, K. O. and Willumsen, F. (2015) 'Reprint of "The Scandinavian model—An interpretation"', Journal of public economics, 127, pp. 17-29.
 
8.
Bauman, Z. (2000) Liquid Modernity. Cambridge: Polity.
 
9.
Beck, U. (1986) Risikogesellschaft: auf dem Weg in eine andere Moderne Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.
 
10.
Beck, U. (1999). Schöne neue Arbeitswelt: Vision: Weltbürgergesellschaft. Frankfurt: Campus Verlag.
 
11.
Beck, U. (1997). The Reinvention of Politics: Rethinking Modernity in the Global Social Order. Cambridge: Polity Press.
 
12.
Beck, U. and Beck-Gernsheim (2001). Individualization: Institutinalized Individualism and its Social and Political Consequences. London: SAGE Publications.
 
13.
Bernelius, V., Kosunen, S. (2023). “Three Bedrooms and a Nice School”—Residential Choices, School Choices and Vicious Circles of Segregation in the Education Landscape of Finnish Cities. In: Thrupp, M., Seppänen, P., Kauko, J., Kosunen, S. (eds) Finland’s Famous Education System. Springer.
 
14.
Bhaskar, R. (2014) 'Forword', in Edwards, P.K., O'Mahoney, J. and Vincent, S. (eds.) Studying Organizations Using Critical Realism: A Practical Guide. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
 
15.
Bhuller, M., Moene, K. O., Mogstad, M. and Vestad, O. L. (2022) 'Facts and Fantasies about Wage Setting and Collective Bargaining', The Journal of economic perspectives, 36(4), pp. 29-52.
 
16.
Blossfeld, H.-P. (1993) Education, modernization, and the risk of marriage disruption : differences in the effect of women's educational attainment in Sweden, West-Germany, and Italy. Stockholm research reports in demography Stockholm: Stockholms universitet, Demografiska avdelningen.
 
17.
Bonoli, G. (2007) 'Time matters: Postindustrialization, New Social Risks, and Welfare State Adaptation in Advanced Industrial Democracies', Comparative Political Studies, 40(5), pp. 495-520.
 
18.
Bray, M. (2021) 'Shadow Education in Europe: Growing Prevalence, Underlying Forces, and Policy Implications', ECNU Review of Education, 4(3), pp. 442-475.
 
19.
Breivik, K. (2008) The Adjustment of Children and Adolescents in Different Post-Divorce Family Structures: A Norwegian Study of Risks and Mechanisms. PhD, University of Bergen, Bergen.
 
20.
Breivik, K. and Olweus, D. (2006) 'Children of divorce in a Scandinavian welfare state: Are they less affected than US children?', Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 47(1), pp. 61-74.
 
21.
Brekke, I., Røed, M. and Schøne, P. (2013) 'Påvirker innvandring investeringen i utdanning? (Does immigration affect investments in education?)', Søkelys på arbeidslivet, 30(3), pp. 169-188.
 
22.
Brox, O. (2005) Arbeidskraftimport: Velferdsstatens redning – eller undergang? Oslo: Pax forlag.
 
23.
Bäckman, O., Jakobsen, V., Lorentzen, T., Österbacka, E and Dahl, E. (2011). Dropping out in Scandinavia: Social Exclusion and Labour Market Attachment among Upper Secondary School Dropouts in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden. Institute for Future Studies, Report No. 8.
 
24.
Carneiro, P., Garcia, I. L., Salvanes, K. G. and Tominey, E. 2015. Intergenerational Mobility and the Timing of Parental Income. SAM.
 
25.
de Swaan, A. (1988) In care of the state: Health care, education and welfare in Europe and the USA in the modern era. Europe and the international order Cambridge: Polity Press.
 
26.
Eräranta, K. (2015). A New Social Risk? Social-Scientific Knowledge and Work-Life Balance in Twentieth-Century Finland. Social Science History, 39(1), 63–83.
 
27.
Esping-Andersen, G. (1990) The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism. Cambridge: Polity Press.
 
28.
Esping-Andersen, G. (2013) Report to VAM. Norway's Research Council, Oslo: The Research Council of Norway.
 
29.
EuroFound (2017) Innovative changes in European companies, Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
 
30.
European Social Survey European Research Infrastructure (2018) 'ESS5 - integrated file, edition 3.4'. Available at: https://doi.org/10.21338/ESS5E....
 
31.
Eurostat (2019) International sourcing of business functions. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/....
 
32.
Fallesen, P. and Gähler, M. (2020) 'Family type and parents’ time with children: Longitudinal evidence for Denmark', Acta sociologica, 63(4), pp. 361-380.
 
33.
Giddens, A. (1991) Modernity and self-identity : self and society in the late modern age. Cambridge: Polity Press.
 
34.
Giddens, A. (1992) The Transformation of Intimacy: Sexuality, Love, and Eroticism in Modern Societies. Cambridge: Polity Press.
 
35.
Gramsci, A. (1971 [1932]) Selections from the prison notebooks. London: Lawrence and Wishart.
 
36.
Gunnulfsen, A. E. and Møller, J. (2021) Production, Transforming and Practicing ‘What Works’ in Education–The Case of Norway. Springer.
 
37.
Hacker, J. S. (2004) 'Privatizing Risk without Privatizing the Welfare State: The Hidden Politics of Social Policy Retrenchment in the United States', American Political Science Review, 98(2), pp. 243-60.
 
38.
Harsløf, I. & Ulmestig, R. (2013). Changing Social Risks and Social Policy Responses in the Nordic Welfare States. Palgrave Macmillan.
 
39.
Harsløf, I., Larsen, K., & Bambra, C. (2023). When health is wealth: occupationally differentiated patterns of health capital in post-industrial Europe. Social Theory & Health, 21, 388–408. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41285....
 
40.
Harsløf, I. & Zuev, D. (2023). Temporary transnational labour mobility and gendered individualization in Europe. Mobilities, 18(2), 232–249. https://doi.org/10.1080/174501....
 
41.
Heckman, J. and Landersø, R. (2022) 'Lessons for Americans from Denmark about inequality and social mobility', Labour economics, 77, pp. 101999.
 
42.
Härkönen, J. and Dronkers, J. (2008) 'The Intergenerational Transmission of Divorce in Cross-National Perspective: Results from the Fertility and Families Surveys', Population studies, 62(3), pp. 273.
 
43.
Jessop, B. (2004). The Gender Selectivities of the State: A Critical Realist Analysis. Journal of Critical Realism. 3(2):207-237.
 
44.
Jørgensen, M. B. (2018) 'Dependent, Deprived or Deviant? The Case of Single Mothers in Denmark', Politics and governance, 6(3), pp. 170-179.
 
45.
Kalle, F. (1874) Ueber Alters- und Invalidencassen für Arbeiter : Gutachten auf Veranlassung des Vereins für Socialpolitik. Schriften des Vereins für Socialpolitik (trykt utg.) Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot.
 
46.
Kalmijn, M. (2015) 'Father-child relations after divorce in four European countries: Patterns and determinants', Comparative population studies, 40(3), pp. 251-276.
 
47.
Katzenstein, P. J. (1985) Small states in world markets : industrial policy in Europe Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. Cornell studies in political economy.
 
48.
Kaufman, B. E. (2012) 'Wage Theory, New Deal Labor Policy, and the Great Depression: Were Government and Unions to blame?', Industrial & labor relations review, 65(3), pp. 501-532.
 
49.
Kildal, N. and Kuhnle, S. (2005) 'The Nordic welfare model and the idea of universalism', in Kildal, N. and Kuhnle, S. (eds.) Normative Foundations of the Welfare State. London: Routledge.
 
50.
Kuhnle, S. (1978) 'The Beginnings of the Nordic Welfare States: Similarities and Differences', Acta sociologica, 21(1_suppl), pp. 9-35.
 
51.
Kvist, J., Fritzell, J., Hvinden, B. and Kangas, O. (2012) Changing social equality : the Nordic welfare model in the 21st century. Bristol: Policy Press.
 
52.
Lane, P. R. (2013) 'Financial Globalisation and the Crisis', Open economies review, 24(3), pp. 555-580.
 
53.
Lindberg, M., Nygård, M., and Nyqvist, F. (2018). Risks, coping strategies and family wellbeing: evidence from Finland. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy. 38(11-12):1116-1132.
 
54.
Mjøset, L. (1993) 'The influence of regulation theory on Nordic studies of economic policies and social development', La Lettre de la régulation, (6), pp. 1-2.
 
55.
Mjøset, L. (2001) 'Types of welfare states, unemployment, and European integration', in Petit, P. and Soete, L. (eds.) Technology and the future of European employment. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
 
56.
Myrdal, A. and Myrdal, G. (1934) Kris i befolkningsfrågan (Crisis in the Population Question). Stockholm: Bonniers.
 
57.
Nordic Council of Ministers (2011) Global Pressure - Nordic Solutions?: The Nordic Globalization Barometer 2011: Nordic Council of Ministers.
 
58.
OECD (2020) PISA 2018 Results (Volume VI) Are Students Ready to Thrive in an Interconnected World? PISA 2018 Results Paris: OECD Publishing.
 
59.
Olson, M. (1982) The Rise and Decline of Nations: Economic Growth, Stagflation, and Social Rigidities. New Haven: New Haven: Yale University Press.
 
60.
Ormestad, M. (1948) De Sosiale trygder: Historikk og grunnprinsipper (The social security programmes: History and basic principles). Oslo: Sem & Stenersen.
 
61.
Pareliussen, J., Hermansen, M., Andrew, S. C. and Causa, O. (2018) 'Income inequality in the Nordics from an OECD perspective', in Aaberge, R., André, C., Boschini, A., Calmfors, L., Gunnarsson, K., Hermansen, M., Langørgen, A., Lindgrenn, P.Y., Orsetta, C., Pareliussen, J., Robling, P.O., Roine, J. and Søgaard, J.E. (eds.) Increasing Income Inequality in the Nordics. Copenhagen: Nordic Council of Ministers, pp. 175-205.
 
62.
Popenoe, D. (1987) 'Beyond the nuclear family: a statistical portrait of the changing family in Sweden', Journal of marriage and family, 49(1), pp. 173-183.
 
63.
Rothstein, B. and Trägårdh, L. (2007) 'The state and civil society in an historical perspective; The Swedish case', in Tragardh, L. (ed.) State and civil society in Northern Europe: The Swedish model reconsidered. 1st ed. ed. New York, NY: New York, NY: Berghahn Books.
 
64.
Sandstrom, G. and Gardarsdottir, O. (2018) 'Long-Term Perspectives on Divorce in the Nordic Countries - Introduction', Scandinavian journal of history, 43(1), pp. 1-17.
 
65.
Sayer, A. (1992). Method in Social Science: A Realist Approach. London: Routledge.
 
66.
Sayer, A. (2000). Realism and Social Science. London: SAGE Publications.
 
67.
Sayer, A. and Walker, R. (1992). The New Social Economy: Reworking the Division of Labor. Cambridge: Blackwell.
 
68.
Senghaas, P. (1985) The European Experience: A Historical Critique of Development Theory. Leamington: Berg Publishers.
 
69.
SOU (1996) Bidrag genom arbete (Contribution through work), Stockholm: Swedens Official Reports.
 
70.
Tawfik, A. and Oesch, D. (Undated) Script to construct an indicator of social class in the ESS. Available at: www.europeansocialsurvey.org/docs/shared_user_resources/oesch/oesch_social_class_schema_2020.zip.
 
71.
Thomas, M. (2017) Crisis and sequels: capitalism and the new economic turmoil since 2007 Boston: Brill. Studies in critical social sciences.
 
72.
Timonen, V. (2004) 'New Risks – Are They Still New for the Nordic Welfare States', in Gooby, P.-T. (ed.) New Risks, New Welfare: The Transformation of the European Welfare State. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 83-110.
 
73.
Titmuss, R. M. (1976) Commitment to welfare. 2nd ed. edn. London: George Allen & Unwin.
 
74.
Wagner, A. (1871) Die Soziale Frage. Available at: https://quellen-sozialpolitik-... (Accessed: 1.10. 2022.
 
75.
Wehler, H.-U. (1985). Das deutsche Kaiserreich 1871-1918 Leamington Spa: Berg Publishers.
 
ISSN:1640-1808
Journals System - logo
Scroll to top